Classification Of Polymers, Cellulose, Starch, And Rubber

ïÆ'Ëœ Polymers they are combined form small units of compound having low molecular weight, as a wall is made up of bricks. ïÆ'Ëœ The word ‘polymer’ is taken from two Greek words poly states many and (mer) means unit or part. ïÆ'Ëœ The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass. These are also referred to as macromolecules, which are formed by joining of repeating structural units on a large scale. ïÆ'Ëœ The repeating structural units are derived from some simple and reactive molecules known as monomers and are linked to each other by covalent bonds. ïÆ'Ëœ This process of formation of polymers from respective monomers is called polymerization. (2)Types of Polymers There are several ways of classification of polymers based on some special considerations. The following are some of the common classifications of polymers: Under this type of classification, there are three sub categories. ïÆ'Ëœ (2,1,1)-Natural polymers these polymers are found in plants and animals. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, and rubber. ïÆ'Ëœ (2,1,2)- Semi-synthetic polymers Cellulose derivatives as cellulose acetate (rayon) and cellulose nitrate, etc. are the usual examples of this sub category. ïÆ'Ëœ (2,1,3)- Synthetic polymers A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic (polythene), synthetic fibers (nylon 6,6) and synthetic rubbers (Buna - S) are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. There are three different types based on theShow MoreRelatedPolymers And Their Monomer Units1444 Words   |  6 Pagesabout polymers and their monomer units. Polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. The small molecules that make up these polymer chains are called monomers. Polymers in the natural world have been around since the beginning of time and are found many places in nature. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties. Cellulose and starch are actually polymers of glucose which is a monosaccharide. Man-made polymers (alsoRead MorePhase Behavior : Melting Point1898 Words   |  8 Pages PHASE BEHAVIOR:- Melting Point:- The temperature at which polymer transmit into crystalline form to determine the melting point. The polymer of low-molecular substance exist very low melting point and this happened when polymer chain is dispersed. In physical state melting point is very difficult to calculate. Polymer will decompose at high temperature rather than melts. It is also known as crystalline melting temperature. Glass TransitionRead MoreNatural and Synthetic Materials2539 Words   |  11 Pagesis then used in a series of methods that include, stitching, knitting and weaving in order to produce a fabric. The content, construction and finish of a fabric can determine it’s aesthetic and functional qualities. This essay will explore the classifications and characteristics of fibres, yarns and fabrics, expanding on colouration and finishing techniques. (Udale, 2008)(Hallet Johnston, 2010)(BBC Bitesize, 2011) Natural fibres are produced and obtained from plants and animals; they are 100% biodegradableRead MoreA comparison of the respiration of yeast in different sugar substrates.4520 Words   |  19 Pagesmonosaccharide (glucose) and a disaccharide (maltose) Theory: There are three types of Carbohydrates, monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. The two, which I will be looking at, are, monosaccharide (glucose) and the disaccharide (maltose) Classification and major properties of carbohydrates GroupPropertiesExamples Monosaccharides general formula:(CH20)n(n = 3 to 0)Small molecules with low molecular mass; sweet tasting; crystalline; readily soluble in water.Trioses, e.g. glyceraldehyde (C3H603)HexosesRead MorePharmaeutical Industry Training Report with Deep Description of Different Area in Ibn Sina Pharmaceutical Industry Ltd.14426 Words   |  58 Pagesdosage itself is inadequate to produce | | |tablets of adequate weight and size. | | |Ex- Lactose, Avicel, Maize starch, Ludipress etc. | |Binders or Granulating agents or|Binders are added to tablet formulations to add cohesiveness to powders, thus providing the necessary | |Adhesives Read MoreNatural Dyes11205 Words   |  45 Pagesand tawnies.[13][14] In China, Japan, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Gambia, and other parts of West Africa and southeast Asia, patterned silk and cotton fabrics were produced using resist dyeing techniques in which the cloth is printed or stenciled with starch or wax, or tied in various ways to prevent even penetration of the dye when the cloth is piece-dyed. Chinese ladao is dated to the 10th century; other traditional techniques include tie-dye, batik, RÃ… ketsuzome, katazome, bandhani and leheria.[15]Read MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagescompressible little free space between particles | flows easily particles can move past one another | flows easily particles can move/slide past one another | does not flow easily rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another | Classification of Matter Elements Any substance that contains only one kind of an atom is known as an element.This atom is distinguished by its atomic number which is the number of protons in its nucleus. The notation for each element can be found on the periodic

The Rise Of The Jacksonian Era - 1540 Words

The Jacksonian Era was often described as a time of â€Å"democratization of politics† in the United States. However, democracy, at this time, was only defined as equality and justice for white males. There were improvements that benefited the common people, such as universal male suffrage, but these excluded women, Africans, Indians, and the rest of the population in the country. In addition, Andrew Jackson was not very democratic as he violated the Constitution and used the authority of the government for his personal issues. Meanwhile, today’s American society is a true democracy because every citizen, despite sex and race, is protected and given equal rights and opportunities. Back then, the United States did not achieve true democratization because there was not equality among all the people and Andrew Jackson abused his power as president. One major improvement in the United States during the Jacksonian Era was the expansion of voting rights. In document one, th e map showed that all the states, except Kentucky and Vermont, permitted voting rights only to tax-paying landowners in 1800. By the time of the Election of 1828, in which Andrew Jackson was elected president, states removed their restrictions and all white men were allowed to vote. As a result, there appeared a significant increase in the number of voters and political participation. The common men were also able to hold public offices as they became more elective than appointive. Indeed, the universal maleShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Jacksonian Era1638 Words   |  7 PagesThree specific ways in which American expansion shaped the Jacksonian period was through the advancement of technology, by way of slavery, and the Indian Removal Act. Jackson used any political and economic means necessary in order to see American frontier regions expand across the nation. Jackson’s Indian Removal policy had some of the most important consequences and paved the way toward American ex pansion. In the beginning of the Jacksonian era, colonial Americans’ settlements had not yet extended farRead MoreThe Jacksonian Democratic Party1423 Words   |  6 Pagesprivileges†, he called for a party to become the sentinel of the original American democracy. And for many, the Jacksonian Democratic Party filled that role. The Democrats, who pursued a democracy that entailed economic and social independence for the common citizen, faced harsh opposition from the Whig Party in the Second American Party System. But apart from the political tensions of the era, the mid-1800’s were host to numerous movements and events that embodied, and didn’t embody, the DemocraticRead MoreAndrew Jackson s Impact On The American History1142 Words   |  5 PagesIndians in Alabama. Later, Andrew Jackson became the seventh president of the U.S in 1829, and a populist one, who earned a number of transformative achievements to his name. More importantly, Andrew’s presidency marked the advent of the Jacksonian era. The Jacksonian era in particular was monumental in the construction of democracy for the common man. Nonetheless, Andrew Jackson had a number of achievements and accomplishment that will live to transcend the American history for many years to come. TheRead MoreAndrew Jackson And The Influence Of The Jacksonian Democracy1259 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation of voters, Jackson swept the election, dawning the Jacksonian Era that lasted until the end of his second term as president. President Jackson was admired by his followers for his respect towards the common man and his focus on fulfilling the interests of the people. Although Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as guardians of the constitution and the values it instills, they did not protect democracy and individual liberty. The Jacksonian Democrats claimed to defend political democracy. On severalRead MoreWomen During The Jacksonian Era1740 Words   |  7 PagesWomen throughout the course of history have played numerous roles in society. During the Jacksonian Era, America as a whole was undergoing various changes. Political changes allowed the â€Å"common man† to have a say in government. While the women still lacked the right to vote and be involved in politics by law, they certainly made their presence known. Women were able to influence government through their unwritten social laws. The Petticoat Affair describes perfectly how women made powerful politicalRead MoreThe Era Of The Common Man844 Words   |  4 PagesThe era of the common man was a period between, 1824 through 1848, described to be the era of wealth, hope and power. During this period Andrew Jackson s presidency helped United States grow as a nation and live up to the era’s name; through the economic developments, chang ing politics that benefited the common man, and different reform movements. The Tariff of 1828 commonly known as the â€Å"tariff of abominations† decreased the Southerners economy drastically. The Southerners had to pay for raw materialsRead MoreAndrew Jackson, A New School Of Thought Essay1886 Words   |  8 Pagesworld of academics continued to develop and stricter guidelines became more urbanized, a new school of thought under the neoconservatives, a new school of thought based on both democratic and conservative viewpoints. Under the democratic school of Jacksonian historiography is Life of Andrew Jackson, a text written by John Spencer Bassett. In Bassett’s text we continue to look with greater eyes on the shortcomings of Jackson. Bassett argues Jackson’s â€Å"lack of education, his crude judgments in many affairsRead MoreSectionalism In The 19th Century1318 Words   |  6 Pagesin which America is trying to be defined as a happy and thriving nation. The rise of democracy coupled with the the gradual political process, both m agnify the degree to which America was still trying to find themselves politically. The rise of sectionalism and decline of nationalism point to the once wavering aura of togetherness and separateness and now complete dominance of sectionalism. These examples during this era help make the America of the future through the search of uniqueness. The searchRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 1824872 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the election of 1824, there were five candidates for the president. The election of 1824 was the fall of the Federalist Party that never would rise to power again. All the candidates were Democratic-Republican, but that didn’t seem to weigh heavily on the outcome of the election of 1824. The two front runners were John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson that would be decided by the House of Representatives because of the Twelve Amendment to the Constitution states the House will decide by majorityRead MoreAndrew Jackson Vs. Jacksonian Democracy1142 Words   |  5 PagesUsing the third chapter of The American Political Tradition analyzes the career of Andrew Jackson and the concept of â€Å"Jacksonian Democracy.† and other source materials. I will compare and contract Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson. They both being influential political figures in two very different eras. Each formed their own democracy that helped shape the way we think about American government. Consequently, they had their differences, yet they also had their similarities. From many viewpoints

Is Balochistan the New Bangladesh Free Essays

THESIS STATEMENT: Despite the similar unfair treatment towards Balochistan, like Bangladesh; Balochistan is not the same situation as Bangladesh. Ever since Pakistan came into being it has faced numerous challenges, some of which have been crucial to overcome in light of its handicapped economy, and lack of a headstrong goverment. A very crucial point along these years has been the loss of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, which revolted against the government of Pakistan due to unfair treatment of their people and gained independence for themselves with the help of the Indian Army, when matters were beyond bad. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Balochistan the New Bangladesh? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The case in discussion here is the recent turmoil in Balochistan; their lack of autonomy, lack of security, and extraction of resources. Does that make Balochistan the next Bangladesh? According to the following analysis, not so much. Social Similarities: The cry for independence in East Pakistan that led to the formation of Bangladesh started from the language riots. When East Pakistan, which made up 60 percent of Pakistan’s population, was denied their right to Bengali being the national language; they became infuriated since most people there couldn’t speak Urdu or English very well. This need for their language brought about the start of the Bengali nationalism. The angry Bengalis of East Pakistan started rioting massively, fighting for their language; hence uniting the youth and the students towards one cause and starting the Bengali Nationalist Movement. The nationalism in Bengalis and their protests towards the wrong being done to them in other ways such as politically and economically brought about their first cry for independence. Similarly in Balochistan, the exploitation of their people, the atrocities done to them, and unfair conditions has led to the Balochistan Nationalist Movements. Organizations like BLA (Balochistan Liberation Army), BRA (Balochistan Republican Army), and BLF (Balochistan Liberation Fund) are all working towards supporting Baloch nationalism and fighting for their rights. Even though the cause of this nationalism in Balochistan does not have much to do with language, the fact that this nationalism has evolved and is now pressing the Balochis towards wanting independence, is a striking similarity etween Balochistan and Bangladesh. It can be said that this nationalism is what is driving both Balochis and Bengalis towards the larger picture of wanting independence. Differences: Even though socially Bangladesh and Balochistan are similar with their nationalism standing high and above, there are a lot of social differences that keep them apart from falling under the same situation. In Bangl adesh, the Bengalis were a lot more united as a whole. Since the beginning Bengalis never wanted to be divided, but when they were done so against their will and then given to a federation that didn’t allow its language, agitation had built up amongst the Bengalis. This nationalism amongst them was very uniting, and helped them in the later years when they faced other unfair conditions politically and economically. So the fact that their leader Sheikh Mujib Ur Rehman and their different Nationalist movements led by the students were very united in their goals made their nationalism even stronger. It can be said that those leading the protests in Bangladesh wanted the goodwill of all the Bengalis and wanted their voice heard. However, in Balochistan that unity is seen missing. Historically, Balochistan was a large land mass which had different tribes living together, divided into borders, each on their own. Balochistan as a primordial ethnicity never existed. The Mughals had first set up Kaalat, with a king/emperor given the title of ‘Khan’. Slowly, five different states were set up in Balochistan, each with their own leader. Later on when Pakistan came into being, these 5 states were still pretty much separate without a larger name of a geo political entity. The name Balochistan was given to these tribes’ years after they had been a part of Pakistan, in 1971 when Balochistan was made a province. Slowly and gradually the political issues started tearing the Balochis into protesting for their rights. Since the tribes had been divided and appointed Sardars/chiefs to rule them, these Sardars started manipulating their own Balochi people into getting the government to fulfill their demands. Hence the Sardars would light up a fire, the people would start riots and the Government of Pakistan would pay them to calm them down. This continued until the Balochis backfired on their own Sardars and kicked them out of Balochistan. In light of this, it can be said that Balochistan isn’t very united in its cry for independence/autonomy. The different organizations working for the Balochistan Nationalist Movement don’t work together, since they come from different families and have different agendas of their own. The Balochis were led down by their own Sardars who should have been holding them together and protecting them, but instead they were not willing to put aside their own agendas, goals and conflicts; this made the different Sardars stand against one another and not come together to stand for a larger cause for their people. Hence Balochistan is way different from Bangladesh in the sense that it lacks Bangladesh’s unity and strength that came from their union in Nationalism. Economical Similarities: Balochistan and Bangladesh both present one similarity, which is economical neglect from the rest of Pakistan. When Bangladesh was East Pakistan, it formed 60% of Pakistan’s population; however, resources were put more towards the establishment of West Pakistan, as compared to East Pakistan. Hence, East Pakistan was always economically ignored and not given higher weightage in line of the fact that they formed a larger portion of Pakistan. Resources were taken from East Pakistan and put to the betterment of West Pakistan; later in the years Ayub Khan’s industrialization plan, which was the golden age of Pakistani Capitalism, also involved setting up industries in West Pakistan, instead of East Pakistan. In the very same manner, Balochistan is also being economically neglected. Even though Balochistan is a desert and is largely barren, that does not mean that it lacks its fair share of natural resources. The land of Balochistan contains natural resources like Sui Gas and Rico Diq, which are worth hundreds of billions of dollars making it one of the world’s potentially richest regions. Yet, the people of Balochistan live in poverty, deprived of clean drinking water, education, and the natural gas that their own land pumps to the rest of Pakistan. This makes it a similar target of extraction of resources and lack of constructive attention, just like Bangladesh was. Geo Strategic Differences: Even though similar in the unfair treatment they received economically, Both Bangladesh and Balochistan are different from one another from a geo strategic point of view. Talking about Balochistan, it is the largest land mass of Pakistan, is full of natural resources like oil, gas, coal, gold and many other precious materials and minerals, which are largely valuable to Pakistan. It plays a very important role on the foreign affairs of Pakistan by sharing borders with Iran, and Afghanistan. Protected by the surrounding Arabian Sea as well as mountainous ranges, Balochistan is connected to CARs through the Chaman Pass. Countries like China take interest in developing the Gawadar port in Balochistan; whereas the US also has immense interest in Balochistan’s large land mass; hence its unique geo strategic position is very important for Pakistan. Bangladesh on the other hand was never much important for Pakistan from a geo strategic point of view. Since East Pakistan was thousands of miles away from West Pakistan, with a large mass of enemy territory in between; Bangladesh never held any geo strategic importance. Moreover, Bangladesh didn’t have the billions of dollars worth of resources, neither did it have any importance to the US which further decreased its geographical importance for Pakistan. The US never held any interest in East Pakistan, since they didn’t sign SEATO, which was a strategic treaty. The geographical importance of Balochistan makes it a lot more valuable for Pakistan, also since if Pakistan loses Balochistan, it basically losses its majority land area, as well as disrupts relations with its connecting countries. However, Bangladesh didn’t hold any such importance and it was always an understood fact that losing Bangladesh would be a lot easier, if ever there was an enemy attack. Political Similarities: Bangladesh was a victim of political instability from Pakistan’s end since the very beginning. The reason Bangladesh and Balochistan want away from Pakistan is the unfair treatment they have received. This unfair treatment varies greatly between the two, but brings them under the same light in the manner that it is highly uncalled for. Bangladesh was always denied its fair share of representation as East Pakistan, similarly Balochistan isn’t given any autonomous power to control its own province; the provincial government in Balochistan has been made highly handicapped with the little power it is granted. Differences: Politically, both Bangladesh and Balochistan fall under unfair treatment; however, the political situations in both areas are very different. When Bangladesh was still East Pakistan, the largest political problem it faced was the fact that it wasn’t granted the political representation in the government that it rightfully deserved, seeing that it was the majority area of Pakistan. From the day Pakistan was formed, till the years that followed, it was obvious that with the government being based in West Pakistan, The majority would be controlled by the minority. In his article Bangladesh: why it happened? G. W. Choudhary writes, â€Å"Pakistan began its political career under a parliamentary system modeled on Westminster and under a federal constitution. But neither the parliamentary system nor the federation was genuine. The constitutional forms and trappings of democracy only provided a cloak for rule by the few who were able to concentrate power in their own hands. During eleven years (1947-58) of so called parliamentary democracy, there was not a single general election, and the provincial elections were described and ‘a farce, mockery and a fraud upon the electorate’. In light of this it can further be explained how East Pakistan never received its fair share of representation in the government. Moreover, there were denied their rightful power when their political party, Awami League won the elections in 1970-71. From the years that followed from 1947, when Pakistan was formed, till 1971, when Bangladesh was formed; East Pakistan was never given its fair share, neit her in the army, nor in the government. Hence they were always politically weak despite the fact that there was immense unity amongst their own organizations and political parties, working for the Bengalis. It must be noted that East Pakistan was always politically united amongst its own people; as in there weren’t sub divided feuds amongst the Bengalis that kept them politically at par with each other. In Balochistan this unity was missing. Since Balochistan had never been a single, united political entity; the Sardars were divided in their ambitions and had a tone of feuds amongst themselves. These caused the biggest political weakness of Balochistan. Even though just like Bangladesh, Balochistan never got the representation in army, or government that it asked for; what differentiates the two is the fact that Balochistan fell victim to its own internal feuds. In his article Balochistan is no Bangladesh, Sushant Sareen describes this as, â€Å"The trouble is that while many of the tribal Sardars, in their hearts ight be supportive of the Baloch cause, or are being forced by public sentiment as well as the circumstances on the ground to pay lip-service to the aspirations of the Baloch people (for example, Akhtar Mengal insisting on a dialogue with the Pakistani authorities under the aegis of the UN), they are not willing to put aside their personal egos in the service of Baloch nationalism. Their personal ambitions, feuds, rivalries, a desire to be one-up on their fellow Sardars makes it impossible for all of them to come together for the larger cause of their people. â⠂¬  Hence their leadership issues form a major political drawback for Balochistan. Another major political issue that separates Balochistan from being the next Bangladesh is the high importance of anarchy in Balochistan. Even though the legal constitution doesn’t allow for there to be a Jirga system that prevails in Balochistan; but since the judiciary is weak and Balochis don’t trust it, they turn to the Jirga system. Since the Pakistan government never did anything substantial to stop this Jirga system, it has deep rooted itself amongst Balochistan, turning it into anarchy in the name of democracy. This has given way to the Balochistan game. Different countries have come and started to set up their roots in Balochistan trying to take it over. MILITARY Similarities: On 25th March, 1971, Operation Searchlight was started; where six brigades of Pak Army moved into East Pakistan and arrested workers; people of East Pakistan were sexually assaulted by the army and were left crippling while their governor Sheikh Mujeed Ur Rehman was arrested. East Pakistan suffered sexual, physical, and psychological torture at the hands of their country’s army. Similarly, people in Balochistan have suffered and are still suffering at the hands of the Pakistan army. Missing people cases are on the high, bodies are found lying around after days of waiting and the torture just doesn’t seem to stop. This forms part of the major problems of Balochistan, which is not enough security. Even though this similarity of torture at the hands of the army remains, there’s no denying the fact that its intensity in Balochistan is far greater than that in Bangladesh. In light of all the above mentioned similarities and differences, a conclusion can be reached about whether or not Balochistan is going to be the next Bangladesh. Despite the fact that the similarities remain, making it look like the same way nationalism and nationalist movememnts were a start towards the larger independence of Bangladesh, Balochistan remains a different situation. It’s safe to say that Balochistan is no Bangladesh. That statement lies on the fact that the problem of Balochistan is beyond that of unfair treatment by the government. Balochistan faces what is a severe case of lack of unity, unlike Bangladesh which was always a lot more united in its attempt to gain independence. Balochistan is a case of crippled inner politics, encouraged by the Pakistani government that further weakens it towards not being able to gain anything substantial. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * http://www. chowrangi. com/why-balochistan-is-burning. html * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh#Creation_of_Pakistan * http://www. jstor. org/discover/10. 2307/2613440? uid=2129;uid=2;uid=70;uid=4;sid=21101363476631 * http://www. thedailystar. net/forum/2011/December/on. htm * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement http://bangladeshwatchdog. blogspot. com/2012/02/bangladesh-and-now-balochistan. html * http://idsa. in/idsacomments/BalochistanisnoBangladesh_ssareen_190110 * http://www. defence. pk/forums/strategic-geopolitical-issues/165565-balochistan-pakistan-s-second-bangladesh. html * http://blogs. thenews. com. pk/blogs/2012/02/saving-balochistan/ * http://www. nation. com. pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/columns/03-Oct-2012/the-balochistan-plan * ht tp://www. bangladeshfirst. com/docdetails. php? cid=9;docid=1 How to cite Is Balochistan the New Bangladesh?, Essay examples

Internetworking with TCP/IP Switched Networks

Question: Describe about the Internetworking with TCP/IP for Switched Networks. Answer: 1. Discuss why packet switched networks are used for data communication instead of circuit switched. The packet-based network transmits the data packets into small pieces of data packets, those data packet's header address include the destination address as well as describe the sequence for reassembling it at the destination (de Valicourt et al., 2014). Due to this characteristic packet switching minimize the transmission latency as well as optimize the available bandwidth in a network. Therefore, it provides more reliable data communication instead of circuit switched. 2. First Group: Network address Usable IP Addresses Broadcast 142.39.0.0 / 18 142.39.0.1 - 142.39.63.254 142.39.63.255 Maximum IP addresses 16382 Second Group: Network address Usable IP Addresses Broadcast 142.39.64.0 / 20 142.39.64.1 - 142.39.79.254 142.39.79.255 Maximum IP addresses 4094 Third Group: Network address Usable IP Addresses Broadcast 142.39.80.0 / 20 142.39.80.1 - 142.39.95.254 142.39.95.255 The number of address are still available is 40964. 3. The router R1 and R2 if are both central router then it will all depend on the connection links those are either separate individually or coming through R2 or R1 router to the central location (Vissicchio et al., 2015). In any circumstances if router R1 goes down then the connected route links of router R1 will be lost, it also applies to router R2. Therefore this situation totally depends on the site traffic that is served by them. 4. MPLS packet encapsulation for Ethernet DA SA TYPE 8100 VLAN TAG TYPE 8847 TUNNEL LABEL PW LABEL CONTROL WORD CELL HEADER Cell Payload The type filed value for Ethernet protocol is set to 0x8100. Explanation The communication between networks is done by the structure of the OSI model; it defines that how every bits are communicated. MPLS (multiprotocol label switching) is a vital technology or protocol, which is describe as "layer 2.5". Now review the two layers of the OSI models such as layer 2 and layer 3 (Fang et al., 2013). The layer 2 is a data link layer (Ethernet) it defines how to communicate between a homogenous network with many devices, as well as the layer 3, is a network layer (IP), it performed the best possible route and added some QoS (quality of service). Layer 3 provides the dynamic-packet routing from source to destination. The characteristic of MPLS protocol provides the packet forwarding speed of Layer 2 where it includes the scalability as well as dynamic capabilities of layer 3 (Raszuk et al., 2015). However, it holds the both characteristic of layer 2 and 3. Therefore it can be define as "Layer-2.5". Best Case to use Traceroute and Tracepath The Traceroute" command is used to trace the route of a data packet travel from source to destination. It is use to find out the packet loss as well as high latency for the network communication (Agarwal et al., 2014). It is the best to use for when having trouble with connecting to the destination. In other words, it will visualize the hop count, time and the path traffic takes between sources to a destination. The Tracepath command is used to trace MTU (maximum transmission unit) along with this path. This command is used any random port or UDP port; it is very much similar to traceroute (Templin, 2013). It is best for any connection issue, but it can provide more information than traceroute such as commercial IP routers does not return detail information of ICMP request in a circumstance of updating the routing table. However, Tracepath can discover all information during this any situation due to this characteristic it is the best way for TCP/IP troubleshooting. The first and last byte number The fist byte number is: 89 x 8 = 712. The last byte number is: 791 5. It can be considered that IPv4 has the deficiency in regards to the IPv6 for the current usage of the internetworking as well as implementation. This is simply because of the fact that IPv4 has a finite or a limited number of address spaces to allocate number of IP addresses over the network (Kaur, Sahni Bala, 2013). The IPv4 mainly utilizes the address space of 32 bit. In other words, the internetworking protocol, IPv4 is unable to support adequately the additional nodes or the new requirements of the new applications. The current allocation practices of IPv4 address limit the number of available public addresses of IPv4. While the internetworking usage is concerned for the IPv4, it can be seen that numerous addresses those are allocated to several organizations were not utilized as well as it made the IPv4 address scarcity (Fang et al., 2013). On the other hand, IPv6 has very large address space and huge internetworking usage that can allow a hierarchical, systematic as well as better allocation of addresses and effective aggregation of the route. IPv6 provides a hierarchical as well as efficient routing and addressing infrastructure along with providing large address space (Heisswolf et al. 2013). In spite of this huge limitation of IPv4, nowadays, it is utilized as the prime role in the communications across the WLAN as well as LAN. The IPv4 mainly plays a significant role in providing reliable security as well as flexibility. Most importantly, due to its simplicity and familiarity have made IPv4 popular to be utilized as the prime role over the LAN and WLAN. However, the exhaustion of the address space of IPv4 is the key concern over the WLAN, LAN as the number of IP-enabled devices has been increased, and the growth of the commercial Internet is explosively enhancing (Vissicchio et al., 2015). Presently the lake of internet protocol is discovered by many organizations that can be eliminated by the IPv6 address space. Now Ipv6 provides more efficient routing and hierarchical process to re-structure the size of the routing table. It allows the source device to operate the fragmentation process rather than the router itself. However, it uses a protocol to discover the MTU (Ali, 2012). Where in IPv4 it will still Handel by the router, which is a very less efficient process for fastest growing E-market. In IPv6 ip layer is resorted for true end-to-end connectivity by excluding the network address translation (NAT). Bibliography Agarwal, K., Rozner, E., Dixon, C., Carter, J. (2014, August). SDN traceroute: Tracing SDN forwarding without changing network behavior. In Proceedings of the third workshop on Hot topics in software defined networking (pp. 145-150). ACM. Ali, A. N. A. (2012). A comparison studies between IPV4 IPV6. International Journal of Computer Science Issues, 9(3), 314-317. Borman, D. (2012). TCP Options and Maximum Segment Size (MSS). de Valicourt, G., Moroz, N. D., Jenneve, P., Vacondio, F., Duan, G. H., Jany, C., ... Antona, J. C. (2014). A next-generation optical packet-switching node based on hybrid III-V/silicon optical gates. IEEE Photonics Technology letters, 26(7), 678-681. Fang, L., Bitar, N., Zhang, R., Daikoku, M., Pan, P. (2013). MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) Applicability: Use Cases and Design (No. RFC 6965). Fang, L., Niven-Jenkins, B., Mansfield, S., Graveman, R. (2013). MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) Security Framework (No. RFC 6941). Heisswolf, J., Knig, R., Kupper, M., Becker, J. (2013). Providing multiple hard latency and throughput guarantees for packet switching networks on chip. Computers Electrical Engineering, 39(8), 2603-2622. Kalwar, S., Shaikh, S., Zaki, N., Memon, A. (2014). The transition of Real Time Network from IPv4 to IPv6Simulated Test Bed and Analysis. Journal of Networking Technology Volume, 5(2), 47. Kaur, H., Sahni, V., Bala, M. (2013). A Survey of Reactive, Proactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols in MANET: A Review. Network, 4(3), 498-500. Kitayama, K. I., Huang, Y. C., Yoshida, Y., Takahashi, R., Segawa, T., Ibrahim, S., ... Mizukoshi, Y. (2015). Torus-topology data center network based on optical packet/agile circuit switching with intelligent flow management. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 33(5), 1063-1071. Partridge, C., Milliken, W. C., Mankins, D. P. (2014). U.S. Patent No. 8,688,979. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Perell, J., Spadaro, S., Ricciardi, S., Careglio, D., Peng, S., Nejabati, R., ... Dorren, H. J. (2013). All-optical packet/circuit switching-based data center network for enhanced scalability, latency, and throughput. IEEE Network, 27(6), 14-22. Raszuk, R., Zhao, Q., Fang, L., Li, Z., Yang, T. (2015). Use cases of MPLS Global Label. Templin, F. (2013). Operational Guidance for IPv6 Deployment in IPv4 Sites Using the Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP). Vissicchio, S., Tilmans, O., Vanbever, L., Rexford, J. (2015). Central control over distributed routing. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 45(4), 43-56. Yu, J., Qi, Y., Wang, G., Gu, X. (2012). A cluster-based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks with nonuniform node distribution. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 66(1), 54-61.